Osteochondritis dissecans of the hip in legg-calvé-perthes disease: case report and review / Osteocondrite dissecante do quadril na doença de legg-calvé-perthes: relato de caso e revisão

ABSTRACT Introduction: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is the idiopathic osteonecrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis in children. It is a self-healing condition, and the morphology of the hip may vary according to the severity of the disease, among several other factors. The treatment focuses on attempts to prevent femoral head collapse, obtain functional hip motion recovery, and reduce pain. Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) of the femoral head has been reported in 2% to 7% of patients diagnosed with healed LCPD. Although OCD may remain asymptomatic, the osteochondral fragment has the potential to become unstable, evolving into symptoms of pain, locking, catching, and snapping. Case report: We present a case report of a ten-year-old boy with an OCD lesion following LCPD who underwent effective osteochondral fixation through the surgical hip dislocation approach. The patient evolved to excellent functional recovery at 1 year post-operatively. Discussion: The surgical hip dislocation approach allows anatomical fixation of the OCD fragment, as well as improvement of hip biomechanics, decreasing pain, improving range of motion and joint congruency, and preserving the native articular cartilage. It also gives the surgeon the opportunity to assess hip stability, femoroacetabular impingement and labral tears, allowing a wide variety of options for the treatment of the healed LCPD. Level of Evidence IV; Type of study Case Report.

RESUMO Introdução: A Doença de Legg-Calvé-Perthes (DLCP) é a osteonecrose idiopática da epífise femoral proximal em crianças. É uma condição auto resolutiva, porém a morfologia final do quadril pode variar de acordo com a gravidade da doença. O tratamento concentra-se na tentativa de prevenir o colapso da cabeça femoral, obtendo recuperação funcional do movimento do quadril e redução da dor. A osteocondrite dissecante (OCD) da cabeça femoral foi relatada em 2% a 7% dos pacientes diagnosticados com DLCP já curada. Embora a OCD possa permanecer assintomática, o fragmento osteocondral tem potencial para se tornar instável, evoluindo para sintomas de dor, bloqueio, impacto e estalido. Relato de caso: Apresentamos o relato de caso de um menino de 10 anos com OCD da cabeça femoral após DLCP, submetido à fixação osteocondral do fragmento por meio da abordagem cirúrgica de luxação do quadril. O paciente evoluiu com excelente recuperação funcional 1 ano após a cirurgia. Discussão: A abordagem cirúrgica da luxação do quadril permite a fixação anatômica do fragmento da OCD, bem como a melhora da biomecânica do quadril, diminuindo a dor, melhorando a amplitude de movimento e a congruência articular e preservando a cartilagem articular nativa. Também dá ao cirurgião a oportunidade de avaliar a estabilidade do quadril, impacto femoroacetabular e lesões labrais, permitindo uma ampla variedade de opções para o tratamento das sequelas da DLCP. Nível de evidência IV; tipo de estudo Relato de Casos.

Embarazo y ortopedia / Pregnancy and Orthopaedics

Introducción: Son múltiples las afecciones ortopédicas que sufre una mujer embarazada, por ello las demandas de atención por esta causa van en ascenso. Objetivo: Actualizar el tratamiento de las lesiones traumáticas y ortopédicas en la paciente embarazada y coordinar las indicaciones de la cesárea. Métodos: Se utilizan métodos teóricos y empíricos para realizar análisis del conocimiento actualizado sobre estas. Resultados: Se determinó que el parto normal es posible después de una fractura pélvica, siempre que no existan secuelas que dañen el canal del parto. El dolor de espalda fue un síntoma común en las mujeres embarazadas, pero en las que presentaron escoliosis las molestias fueron más frecuentes. La diastasis de la sínfisis del pubis se asoció con la maniobra de McRoberts; y la indicación de cesárea se sugirió a partir de criterios puramente obstétricos, aunque se respetaron las afecciones ortopédicas y traumáticas presentes en las pacientes. Conclusiones: Incrementar los conocimientos del personal que trabaja con la embarazada, a partir de sus factores de riesgo y las posibilidades de mitigación de daño por estas causas.

Introduction: pregnant women suffer from multiple orthopaedic conditions; therefore, care demands for this cause are on the rise. Objective: to update the treatment of traumatic and orthopaedic injuries in pregnant patients and coordinate the indications for cesarean section. Methods: theoretical and empirical methods were used to carry out the analysis of updated knowledge regarding these affections. Results: we determined that normal delivery is possible after a pelvic fracture, as long as there are no sequelae that damage the birth canal. Back pain was a common symptom in pregnant women but in those with scoliosis the discomfort was more frequent. Symphysis pubis diastasis was associated with the McRobert's maneuver; and the indication for cesarean section was suggested based on purely obstetric criteria, although the orthopaedic and traumatic conditions present in the patients were respected. Conclusions: to increase the knowledge of the personnel, who work with the pregnant women, based on their risk factors and the possibilities of mitigating damage due to these causes.

El síndrome del túnel carpiano y su abordaje terapéutico / Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and its Therapeutic Approach

Introducción: El síndrome del túnel carpiano es una de las causas más frecuentes de dolor crónico, su mayor incidencia está entre la quinta y sexta década de la vida; en Colombia tiene una alta incidencia, llegando al 14 por ciento especialmente en cierto grupo de trabajadores. El abordaje terapéutico incluye tratamiento médico y quirúrgico; en la actualidad ha sido ampliamente discutida la elección entre método endoscópico y cirugía abierta como primera línea de tratamiento. Objetivo: Desarrollar una revisión acerca de los aspectos clínicos y las diferentes opciones de abordaje terapéutico del síndrome del túnel carpiano a través de una exploración de la literatura científica existente. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect y Lilacs con las palabras clave indexadas en el DeCS. Conclusión: El síndrome de túnel carpiano es una entidad común con un impacto clínico importante en la vida del paciente, su sintomatología y sus complicaciones afectan las actividades diarias de quien lo padece; el abordaje terapéutico de esta enfermedad se establece comúnmente de forma escalonada, el abordaje quirúrgico es un tema ampliamente discutido; sin embargo, no hay evidencia contundente que establezca una de las opciones quirúrgicas como la definitiva(AU)

Introduction: Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of the most frequent causes of chronic pain, with its highest incidence between the fifth and sixth decades of life; in Colombia, it has a high incidence, reaching 14 percent especially in a certain group of workers. The therapeutic approach includes medical and surgical treatment; currently, the choice between the endoscopic method or open surgery as the first line of treatment has been widely discussed. Objective: To develop a review of the clinical aspects and the different options of therapeutic approach for carpal tunnel syndrome, through an exploration of the existing scientific literature. Methods: A search was carried out in the SciELO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Lilacs databases, using the keywords indexed in the DeCS. Conclusion: Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common entity with an important clinical impact on the patient's life; its symptomatology and complications affect the daily activities of those who suffer from it. The therapeutic approach to this disease is commonly established in a stepwise manner; the surgical approach is a widely discussed topic. However, there is no conclusive evidence that establishes one of the surgical options as the definitive one/AU)

Economic and Professional Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic and Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety on Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons in Brazil / Impacto econômico e profissional da pandemia de COVID-19 e prevalência de depressão e ansiedade nos cirurgiões de ombro e cotovelo do Brasil

Abstract Objective To assess the economic and professional impact (including teaching and training) during the covid-19 pandemic, as well as the prevalence of major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder, on shoulder and elbow surgeons in Brazil. Methods Cross-sectional study carried out with surgeons who are members of the Brazilian Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (SBCOC). Sampling was non-probabilistic for convenience. The information was obtained through a self-administered online questionnaire, through the SBCOC members' registered e-mails, using structured questions and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) instruments to screening for major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder, respectively. Results 119 participants were evaluated. The commitment in teaching was affirmed by 87.7% of the surgeons, there was a reduction above 50% of the surgical volume for about 4 out of 10 surgeons and reduction of the income above 50% for about 17.3%, due to the fact that 55.5% of professionals did not have professional stability. The major depressive episode had a prevalence of 26.7% in the sample, and generalized anxiety disorder was presented by 20% of the surgeons. Conclusion The combination of the negative impact on professional and financial factorsmay have affected shoulder and elbow surgeons in Brazil, generating high rates of anxiety and depression.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o impacto econômico e profissional (incluindo ensino e treinamento) durante a pandemia de covid-19, bem como a prevalência de episódio depressivo maior e de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, nos cirurgiões de ombro e cotovelo do Brasil. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com os cirurgiões membros titulares da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia de Ombro e Cotovelo (SBCOC). A amostragem foi não probabilística por conveniência. As informações foram obtidas por meio de questionário online autoaplicado, através de divulgação pelo e-mail cadastrado dos membros da SBCOC, utilizando questões estruturadas e os instrumentos Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) e Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) para rastreio de episódio depressivo maior e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada, respectivamente. Resultados Foram avaliados 119 participantes. O comprometimento no ensino foi afirmado por 87,7% dos cirurgiões, houve redução acima de 50% do volume cirúrgico para cerca de 4 em cada 10 cirurgiões e redução da renda acima de 50% para cerca de 17,3%, sendo que 55,5% dos profissionais não apresentavam estabilidade profissional. O episódio depressivo maior apresentou uma prevalência de 26,7% na amostra, e o transtorno de ansiedade generalizada foi apresentado por 20% dos cirurgiões. Conclusão A combinação do impacto negativo sobre fatores profissionais e financeiros pode ter afetado os cirurgiões de ombro e cotovelo do Brasil, gerando elevados índices de ansiedade e depressão.

Core Competencies Self-Assessment and Patient-Practitioner Orientation during the First Year of a Brazilian Orthopedic Residency / Autoavaliação de competências fundamentais e orientação médico durante o primeiro ano de residência ortopédica brasileira

Abstract Objective Training a competent physician requires to direct the resident profile of graduate students for practice activities. We sought to identify the doctor-patient relationship orientation and the self-assessment of the core competencies, which they pointed out needed to be developed. Methods All 56 orthopedic residents admitted between 2016 and 2019 participated in the present prospective observational study. The Patient Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS) and a self-assessment questionnaire were answered at the beginning and end of the first year of residency (R1) in Orthopedics and Traumatology. We calculated mean and standard deviation for PPOS items and scores and analyzed them through the paired t-test. Self-Assessment Questionnaire answer options were "yes" or "I need to improve it" and skills were classified in decreasing order of the frequency of "I need to improve it" responses with description of absolute number and percentage. We compared frequencies using Fisher Test. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. GraphPad Prism 8.4.3 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) were used for statistical analysis. Results In the period between the beginning and the end of R1, the total PPOS mean score significantly decreased from 4.63 to 4.50 (p= 0.024), more biomedical-focused. Around one-third of the residents identified competencies of patient care, practice-based learning and improvement, and interpersonal and communication skills as needed to improve. Conclusions The PPOS and self-assessment activities could promote reflection practices and are possible tools for learner-centered competency assessment. Biomedical guidance tends to prevail as the training of physicians progresses, and periodic self-assessments can be worked on to build a growth mindset.

Resumo Objetivo A formação de um médico competente requer direcionar o perfil de pós-graduação residente para atividades práticas. Buscou-se identificar a orientação de relacionamento médico-paciente e a autoavaliação das competências fundamentais que eles apontaram que precisavam ser desenvolvidas. Métodos Todos os 56 residentes em ortopedia admitidos entre 2016 e 2019 participaram do presente estudo observacional prospectivo. A Escala de Orientação Médico-Paciente (Patient Practitioner Orientation Scale [PPOS, na sigla em inglês]) e um questionário de autoavaliação foram respondidos no início e no final do primeiro ano de residência (R1) em Ortopedia e Traumatologia. Calculamos o desvio médio e padrão para itens e pontuações de PPOS e os analisamos através do teste t emparelhado. As opções de resposta do Questionário de Autoavaliação foram "sim" ou "preciso melhorar" e as habilidades foram classificadas na ordem decrescente da frequência das respostas "preciso melhorar" com descrição de número absoluto e percentual. Comparamos frequências usando o teste de Fisher. Consideramos significativos valores-p < 0,05. Os programas GraphPad Prism 8.4.3 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, EUA) e Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, EUA) foram utilizados para análise estatística. Resultados No período entre o início e o final do R1, a média total de PPOS diminuiu significativamente, de 4,63 para 4,50 (p= 0,024), mais focada em biomédica. Cerca de um terço dos residentes identificou competências do cuidado ao paciente, aprendizagem e melhoria baseadas na prática e habilidades interpessoais e de comunicação, como necessitando melhorar. Conclusões As atividades de PPOS e autoavaliação podem promover práticas de reflexão e são possíveis ferramentas para avaliação de competência centrada no aluno. A orientação biomédica tende a prevalecer à medida que a formação dos médicos progride e as autoavaliações periódicas podem ser trabalhadas para construir uma mentalidade de crescimento.

Desarrollo e implementación de un programa de investigación durante la residencia de ortopedia y traumatología

Introducción: Dentro de las recomendaciones internacionales para la formación de médicos expertos, se encuentra el integrar la mejor evidencia disponible a la práctica clínica y contribuir a la creación del conocimiento científico. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la implementación de un programa formal de investigación en residentes de ortopedia y traumatología. Metodología: Se desarrolló un programa de investigación para residentes de ortopedia y traumatología, coordinado por un equipo con formación en metodología y bioestadística. El objetivo principal fue que los residentes lograran adquirir herramientas en el desarrollo del método científico e integrar la medicina basada en la evidencia en la práctica profesional. Para ello, se enfocó en tres ejes: 1. formación general 2. análisis crítico de la literatura y 3. desarrollo de investigación científica. Resultados: El año 2015 se implementó el programa. Comenzó con el módulo de formación general a través de seminarios de investigación y una rotación mensual obligatoria. De forma semanal se implementaron reuniones de revisiones críticas de la literatura a partir de casos clínicos y cada dos o tres meses sesiones de journal club. Se han formulado 30 proyectos de investigación, 22 de ellos se han presentado en congresos y ha habido un total de 27 publicaciones con coautoría de residentes (6 de primer autor). Conclusión: A través del programa de investigación, los residentes han adquirido herramientas para poder integrar la medicina basada en la evidencia a su práctica profesional y desarrollar proyectos científicos.

Introduction: In the international recommendations for resident education, there is integrating the best available evidence into clinical practice and contributing to the creation of scientific knowledge. This research aims to describe implementing a formal research program for orthopedic residents. Methodology: We developed a research program for orthopedic residents coordinated by a team trained in methodology and biostatistics. The main objective for residents was to acquire tools to develop the scientific method and to integrate evidence-based medicine into professional practice. To do this, it focused on: 1. theoretical courses, 2. critical analysis of literature, and 3. creation of scientific research. Results: 2015, the program started with a theoretical course through research seminars and a mandatory monthly rotation. Critical analysis of articles meetings were weekly, and journal club sessions every 2 or 3 months. Residents formulated 30 research projects and presented 22 at national and international congresses. There were 27 scientific publications with resident participation (6 were lead authors). Conclusion: Through the research program, residents have acquired tools to integrate evidence-based medicine into their professional practice and develop scientific projects.

Telemedicine Effectiveness in the First Elective Orthopedic Care Compared to a Standard Face-to-face Visit / Efetividade da teleconsulta no primeiro atendimento ortopédico eletivo comparada ao padrão presencial

Abstract Objective The study aimed to compare whether the diagnoses of orthopedic diseases at telemedicine (TM) consultations are the same as those established at face-to-face visits. Method Primary, observational, prospective, analytical study, with subjects from the local municipal network who were referred to the orthopedics outpatient clinic from May to June 2021. Subjects underwent two assessments: a telemedicine (TM) consultation and a face-to-face (FF) visit. Two different physicians attended to the patients and established a diagnosis. The physician performing the FF visit was not aware of the previous diagnoses. We compared the diagnoses obtained at both modalities to assess the degree of similarity. In addition, we determined the time required for consultations and the degree of satisfaction of the physicians. Results We evaluated 43 patients and seven physicians, totaling 44 TM and 43 FF visits. The diagnostic similarity index was 81.4%. TM consultations were shorter (mean time, 4.8 minutes) than FF visits. Physicians were less satisfied with TM in the four criteria evaluated (respective scores of 79.1, 23.3, 46.6, and 37.2). Conclusion TM consultations have a diagnoses agreement higher than 80% compared with FF visits. On the other hand, TM consultations were faster, and physicians were less satisfied with them in comparison with FF visits.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo do estudo foi comparar se os diagnósticos das doenças ortopédicas realizados por teleconsulta (TC) são os mesmos dos atendimentos presenciais. Método Estudo primário, observacional, prospectivo, analítico, com dados colhidos de maio a junho de 2021, com participantes provenientes da rede municipal local que foram encaminhados ao ambulatório de ortopedia de referência e oferecida participação no estudo com duas avaliações: a primeira por teleatendimento e a segunda de forma presencial. Cada participante foi atendido por dois diferentes profissionais, e cada um emitiu um diagnóstico. Os profissionais do atendimento presencial não conheciam os diagnósticos prévios. Os diagnósticos emitidos foram comparados para avaliar o grau de semelhança. Ainda, foi aferido o tempo para realização dos atendimentos e o grau de satisfação do profissional participante. Resultados Foram avaliados 43 pacientes e 07 profissionais participaram, totalizando 44 TC e 43 atendimentos presenciais. O índice de semelhança do diagnóstico foi de 81,4%. A TC teve um tempo menor para realização (média de 4,8 minutos), que o presencial. A satisfação dos profissionais foi menor na TC nos quatro critérios avaliados, sendo, respectivamente, 79,1, 23,3, 46,6 e 37,2. Conclusão A TC tem concordância no diagnóstico superior a 80% em comparação ao atendimento presencial. Já a realização do teleatendimento teve menor tempo de duração e os profissionais se consideraram menos satisfeitos em relação ao atendimento presencial.

Tratamiento para deformidades angulares en fémur distal con sistema LCP / Treatment of angular deformities in distal femur with LCP system

Las deformidades angulares en fémur distal son frecuentes en la consulta de ortopedia. Dependiendo del tipo de deformidad y la edad del paciente existen diferentes técnicas de corrección quirúrgica para mejorar la biomecánica de la rodilla, evitar el dolor y prevenir el daño del aparato extensor, la artrosis temprana y degeneración tardía de la articulación de la rodilla. Se realizó un estudio de tipo observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal haciendo uso del Sistema LCP como tratamiento de las deformidades angulares en Fémur Distal en pacientes con madurez esquelética alcanzada tratados en el Hospital Ortopédico Infantil durante el periodo 2012 ­ 2022. Se incluyeron un total de 17 pacientes que representan 23 rodillas; predominó el género femenino con un 76% respecto al masculino con solo 24%. La edad media de intervención quirúrgica de fue de 15±1,66 años y la edad de evaluación final de 16±1,7años. Al comparar los promedios de la evaluación radiológica pre y postoperatoria, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas <0,05 en cuanto a la corrección de la Desviación del Eje Mecánico (MAD), Ángulo Femoral Distal Lateral mecánico (LDFAm) y ángulo Femoro Tibial (AFT). El tiempo de consolidación promedio fue de 11,3±1,4 semanas, no se presentaron complicaciones inherentes al acto quirúrgico ni postoperatorias. Existen varias modalidades de tratamiento para deformidades angulares en fémur distal y el escoger una depende de la preferencia, entrenamiento del cirujano, su equipo y recursos disponibles(AU)

Angular deformities in distal femur are frequently in the orthopedic clinic, the most common of which is valgus and is characterized by an alteration of the mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (<85º). Depending of the type of deformity and the patient age at which it occurs, there are different surgical techniques correction to improve the biomechanics of the knee, avoid pain and prevent damage to the extensor apparatus, early osteoarthritis and late degeneration of the knee joint. An observational, descriptive, longitudinal study was carried out using the LCP System as a treatment for angular deformities in the Distal Femur in patients with reached skeletal maturity treated at the Hospital Ortopédico Infantil during the period 2012-2022. A total of 17 patients were included, representing 23 knees; the female predominated with 76% compared to the male with only 24%. The average age of surgical intervention was 15±1.66 years and the age of the final evaluation was 16±1.7 years. When comparing the averages of the pre and postoperative radiological evaluation, statistically significant differences <0.05 were found in terms of the correction of the Mechanical Axis Deviation (MAD), mechanical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (LDFAm) and Femoro-Tibial angle ( AFT). The average consolidation time was 11.3 ± 1.4 weeks and there were no complications inherent to the surgical act or postoperative. There are several treatment modalities of angular deformities of the distal femur and the choice one depends of the preference and training of the surgeon, his team and the resources available(AU)

Schwannoma intraóseo en fémur, una presentación inusual. Reporte de caso / Intraosseous Schwannoma in femur, an unusual presentation. Case report

El Schwannoma o Neurilemoma es un tumor benigno de derivación neuroectodérmica que se origina en las células de Schwann, que constituyen la envoltura de los nervios. Es el tumor benigno más común de los nervios periféricos, tiene predisposición a originarse a partir de nervios periféricos sensoriales y puede presentarse como tumores en tejidos blandos. La presentación intraósea del Schwannoma es rara y corresponde al 0,2% de los tumores óseos primarios. Se presenta caso clínico de paciente masculino de 36 años de edad con tumor en cóndilo femoral medial de rodilla derecha de 4 años de evolución, cursando con dolor intermitente moderado a quien se le practicó el protocolo oncológico, imagenológico e histológico, de la Unidad de Oncología Ortopédica del estado Monagas. Se diagnosticó Schwannoma intraóseo, se procedió a realizar resección marginal y reconstrucción con alloinjerto y fijación con placa y tornillos con excelente evolución postoperatoria. El Schwannoma intraóseo es extraordinariamente raro y su ubicación en el fémur lo es aún más. El objetivo del presente trabajo es reportar un caso de Schwannoma Intraóseo, mostrar las estrategias para su diagnóstico y los tratamientos aplicados, así como la revisión de los datos al respecto existentes en la literatura(AU)

Schwannoma or Neurilemoma is a benign tumor of neuroectodermal derivation that originates in Schwann cells, which constitute the nerve sheath. It is the most common benign tumor of the peripheral nerves, has a predisposition to originate from peripheral sensory nerves, and can present as soft tissue tumors. The intraosseous presentation of Schwannoma is rare and corresponds to 0,2% of primary bone tumors. A clinical case of a 36-yearold male patient with a tumor in the medial femoral condyle of the right knee of 4 years of evolution is presented, presenting with moderate intermittent pain who underwent the oncological, imaging and histological protocol of the Oncology Unit. Monagas State Orthopedic. Intraosseous Schwannoma was diagnosed, marginal resection and allograft reconstruction and plate and screw fixation were performed with excellent postoperative evolution. Intraosseous Schwannoma is extraordinarily rare and its location in the femur is even more so. The objective of this paper is to report a case of Intraosseous Schwannoma, show the strategies for its diagnosis and the treatments applied, as well as the review of the existing data in the literature(AU)

Cambios En La Via Aerea Superior Posterior A Expansion Rapida Del Maxilar En Ninos De 12 Anos

Rapid maxillary expansion is often considered the treatment of choice for the correction of maxillary constriction. Several studies highlight the effect of rapid maxillary expansion in increasing nasal length and volume. The aim of this study is quantifying the volumetric changes of the upper airway, the maximum restricted area of the upper airway and the nostrils area, after the intervention of a rapid maxillary expansion using bimaxillary CBCT. A retrospective study was carried out, in which 14 patients of 12 year old with a diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral crossbite and skeletal maxillary constriction were selected. The treatment was carried out with a Mcnamara-type rapid expansion device and 8 mm of disjunction was planned. An initial bimaxillary CBCT was requested and another 15 days after treatment. Measurements were made at the maxillary level, upper airway and the maximum restricted area and the cross section of the nostril area, using 3D measuring softwares. It was obtained that, for every 1 mm of planned disjunction, 0.65 mm of maxillary disjunction is achieved, an upper airway gain of 0.7 cm3, the maximum restricted area gain of the upper airway of 9 mm2 and a gain in the nostrils area of 7.4 mm2 on average. In conclusion rapid maxillary expansion generates a significant increase in the volume of the upper airway and its narrower area.

Percutaneous Suspensory Stabilization of Chronic Distal Radioulnar Joint (DRUJ) Dislocation Using an Adjustable Loop Endobutton Construct: Case Report / Fixação suspensiva percutânea de luxação crônica da articulação radioulnar distal (ARUD) usando um dispositivo de endobutton de laço ajustável: Relato de caso

Abstract Chronic distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) dislocation has been treated historically with complex osteotomies and reconstructive procedures, often resulting in intractable stiffness and loss of function. It is desirable to use a technique of fixation that will not only restore the wrist biomechanics but also be cosmetically appealing to the individual. We present a novel technique of reduction and fixation of a chronically dislocated DRUJ in a 26-year-old male using a minimally invasive approach, with successful restoration of DRUJ function and no postoperative complications.

Resumo Luxação crônica da articulação radioulnar distal (ARUD) foi tratada historicamente com osteotomias complexas e procedimentos reconstrutivos, geralmente resultando em rigidez intratável e perda de função. É desejável usar uma técnica de fixação que não apenas restaure a biomecânica do punho, mas também seja esteticamente atraente para o indivíduo. Apresentamos uma nova técnica de redução e fixação de uma ARUD deslocada cronicamente em um homem de 26 anos, usando uma abordagem minimamente invasiva, com restauração bem-sucedida da função da ARUD e sem complicações pós-operatórias.

Child Fractures: Are We Getting More Surgical? / Fraturas na criança: Estamos ficando mais cirúrgicos?

Abstract Historically, surgeries on the immature skeleton were reserved for open or articular fractures. In recent years, the improvement in the quality and safety of anesthesia, new imaging equipment, implants designed especially for pediatric fractures, associated with the possibility of shorter hospitalization time and rapid return to social life has demonstrated a new tendency to evaluate and treat fractures in children. The purpose of this update article is to answer the following questions: (1) Are we really turning more surgical in addressing fractures in children? (2) If this is true, is this surgical conduct based on scientific evidence? In fact, in recent decades, the medical literature demonstrates articles that support better evolution of fractures in children with surgical treatment. In the upper limbs, this is very evident in the systematization of the reduction and percutaneous fixation of supracondylar fractures of the humerus and fractures of the forearm bones. In the lower limbs, the same occurs with diaphyseal fractures of the femur and tibia. However, there are gaps in the literature. The available published studies show low scientific evidence. Thus, it can be inferred that, even though the surgical approach is more present, the treatment of pediatric fractures should always be individualized and conducted according to the knowledge and experience of the professional physician, taking into account the presence of technological resources available for the care of the small patient. All possibilities, non-surgical and/or surgical, should be included, always instituting actions based on science and in agreement with the family's wishes.

Resumo Historicamente, as cirurgias no esqueleto imaturo eram reservadas às fraturas expostas ou articulares. Nos últimos anos, a melhora na qualidade e segurança das anestesias, novos equipamentos de imagem, implantes desenhados especialmente para fraturas pediátricas, associados à possibilidade de menor tempo de hospitalização e rápido retorno ao convívio social vêm demonstrando uma nova tendência de avaliar e tratar fraturas na criança. O objetivo deste artigo de atualização é responder às seguintes questões: (1) estamos realmente ficando mais cirúrgicos na abordagem das fraturas em crianças? (2) Caso isto seja verdadeiro, esta conduta cirúrgica está baseada em evidências científicas? De fato, nas últimas décadas, a literatura médica demonstra artigos que suportam melhor evolução das fraturas na criança com o tratamento cirúrgico. Nos membros superiores, isto fica muito evidente na sistematização da redução e fixação percutânea das fraturas supracondilianas do úmero e das fraturas de ossos do antebraço. Nos membros inferiores, o mesmo ocorre com fraturas diafisárias do fêmur e tíbia. No entanto, há lacunas na literatura. Os estudos publicados são geralmente com baixa evidência científica. Assim, pode-se deduzir que, mesmo sendo a abordagem cirúrgica mais presente, o tratamento de fraturas pediátricas deve ser sempre individualizado e conduzido de acordo com o conhecimento e experiência do médico profissional, levando em conta a presença de recursos tecnológicos disponíveis para o atendimento do pequeno paciente. Deve-se incluir todas as possibilidades, não cirúrgicas e/ou cirúrgicas, sempre instituindo ações baseadas na ciência e em concordância com os anseios da família.

Argon Beam Coagulation as an Adjuvant for Extended Curettage for Giant Cell Tumors of the Bone: A Study of 50 Cases / Coagulação por plasma de argônio como adjuvante à curetagem estendida em tumores de células gigantes do osso: Um estudo de 50 casos

Abstract Objective Extended curettage with adjuvants of giant cell tumors of bone is associated with a lower rate of recurrence of the tumor while preserving the adjacent joint. The present study was conducted to estimate the recurrence rate and functional outcome after using argon beam as an adjuvant for extended curettage. Methods We selected 50 patients with giant cell tumors, meeting all the inclusion criteria, who underwent extended curettage using high speed burr and argon beam photocoagulation between July 2016 to January 2019. On their follow-up visit, they were assessed for any complaints of pain and signs like tenderness, locally raised temperature, and decreased range of motion of the adjacent joint. Radiologically, the patients were assessed for any increased lucency around the cement mantle and uptake of the subarticular graft. Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS) was administered to the patients, and range of motion of the adjacent joint was compared with the contralateral joint. Results Recurrence was found in 4 patients, that is, an 8% recurrence rate. Twenty-six out of 28 patients with a tumor in the lower limb had a grade-5 weight bearing status 6 months from the surgery, and their range of motion was comparable to contralateral healthy joint with an average MSTS score of 27 (18-30). Conclusion Extended curettage of giant cell tumors using argon beam coagulation is associated with low recurrence rates of the tumor and is an effective modality in the treatment of these tumors besides having a functional outcome comparable to the healthy limb.

Resumo Objetivo A curetagem estendida com adjuvantes de tumores de células gigantes do osso está associada a uma menor taxa de recidiva da neoplasia e à preservação da articulação adjacente. Este estudo foi feito para estimar a taxa de recidiva e o resultado funcional após o uso de plasma de argônio como adjuvante à curetagem estendida. Métodos Cinquenta pacientes com tumores de células gigantes que atendiam a todos os critérios de inclusão foram selecionados para o estudo e submetidos à curetagem estendida com broca de alta velocidade e fotocoagulação com plasma de argônio entre julho de 2016 e janeiro de 2019. À consulta de acompanhamento, os pacientes foram avaliados quanto a quaisquer queixas de dor e sinais como sensibilidade, aumento local da temperatura e diminuição da amplitude de movimento da articulação adjacente. Radiologicamente, os pacientes foram avaliados quanto à presença de qualquer aumento de radiotransparência ao redor do manto de cimento e incorporação do enxerto subarticular. O questionário Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS) foi administrado aos pacientes e a amplitude de movimentação da articulação adjacente foi comparada à articulação contralateral. Resultados Quatro pacientes apresentaram recidiva, o que corresponde a uma taxa de 8%. Seis meses após a cirurgia, 26 de 28 pacientes com tumor no membro inferior tinham capacidade de sustentação de peso de grau 5 e amplitude de movimento comparável à articulação saudável contralateral, com pontuação MSTS média de 27 (intervalo de 18 a 30). Conclusão A curetagem estendida de tumores de células gigantes com coagulação por plasma de argônio está associada a baixas taxas de recidiva da neoplasia; é uma modalidade eficaz no tratamento desses tumores e o resultado funcional é comparável ao do membro saudável.

Risk factors associated with surgical site infection in patients with musculoskeletal cancer / Fatores de risco associados à infecção de sítio cirúrgico em portadores de câncer musculoesquelético / Factores de riesgo asociados a la infección del sitio quirúrgico en pacientes con cáncer musculoesquelético

Background and objectives: surgical site infections (SSI) continue to be a major concern in orthopedic oncology and pose as great a challenge as cancer recurrence, despite the preventive potential of surgery. SSI can be avoided if evidence-based measures are taken. The objective was to assess the frequency of infections in oncological orthopedic surgeries and associated risk factors and inflammatory markers in a reference hospital in the state of Pernambuco. Methods: the frequency of SSI, the identification of isolated microorganisms, the risk factors and the profile of Th1 and Th2 inflammatory markers (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF and IFN-Ƴ) in patients with musculoskeletal cancer were analyzed. Results: SSI were found in 9.1% of patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Bivariate analysis revealed that a surgical team comprising more than five members (p=0.041) and the need for intraoperative transfusion (p=0.012) were correlated with a higher risk of SSI. The measurement of ultrasensitive C-reactive protein levels to assess the inflammatory response after SSI showed results that were superior to the reference values for each sample, ranging from >5 to >200mg/dl by the immunoturbidimetric method. Of the IL-2, INFγ and TNF (Th1) and IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 (Th2) levels, only interleukin 6 showed high levels, between 6.68 and 58.76 pg/mL. Conclusion: the study found that surgical team with five or more members and blood transfusion were factors associated with the development of SSI in orthopedic surgery in patients with musculoskeletal cancer. Among the inflammatory markers, interleukin 6 (IL-6) showed the highest correlation with the outcome.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: as infecções do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) continuam sendo uma grande preocupação na oncologia ortopédica e representam um desafio tão grande quanto a recorrência do câncer, apesar do potencial preventivo da cirurgia. As ISC podem ser evitadas se forem tomadas medidas baseadas em evidências. O objetivo foi avaliar a frequência de infecções em cirurgias ortopédicas oncológicas e os fatores de risco e marcadores inflamatórios associados em um hospital de referência no estado de Pernambuco. Métodos: foram analisados a frequência de ISC, a identificação de microrganismos isolados, os fatores de risco e o perfil de marcadores inflamatórios Th1 e Th2 (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF e IFN-Ƴ) em pacientes portadores de câncer musculoesquelético. Resultados: as ISC foram encontradas em 9,1% dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica. A análise bivariada revelou que uma equipe cirúrgica composta por mais de cinco membros (p=0,041) e a necessidade de transfusão intraoperatória (p=0,012) foram correlacionadas com maior risco de ISC. A dosagem dos níveis de proteína C reativa ultrassensível para avaliação da resposta inflamatória após ISC apresentou resultados superiores aos valores de referência para cada amostra, variando de >5 a >200mg/dl pelo método imunoturbidimétrico. Dos níveis de IL-2, INFγ e TNF (Th1) e IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 (Th2), apenas a interleucina 6 apresentou níveis elevados, entre 6,68 e 58,76 pg/mL. Conclusão: o estudo constatou que equipe cirúrgica com cinco ou mais membros e transfusão sanguínea foram fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de ISC em cirurgia ortopédica em pacientes com câncer musculoesquelético. Entre os marcadores inflamatórios, interleucina 6 (IL-6) apresentou maior correlação com o desfecho.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: las infecciones del sitio quirúrgico (ISQ) siguen siendo una preocupación importante en la oncología ortopédica y representan un desafío tan grande como la recurrencia del cáncer, a pesar del potencial preventivo de la cirugía. Las ISQ se pueden prevenir si se toman medidas basadas en la evidencia. El objetivo fue evaluar la frecuencia de infecciones en cirugías ortopédicas oncológicas y los factores de riesgo y marcadores inflamatorios asociados en un hospital de referencia en el estado de Pernambuco. Métodos: se analizaron la frecuencia de ISQ, la identificación de microorganismos aislados, los factores de riesgo y el perfil de marcadores inflamatorios Th1 y Th2 (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF e IFN-Ƴ) en pacientes con cáncer musculoesquelético. Resultados: se encontraron ISQ en el 9,1% de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortopédica. El análisis bivariado reveló que un equipo quirúrgico compuesto por más de cinco miembros (p=0,041) y la necesidad de transfusión intraoperatoria (p=0,012) se correlacionaron con un mayor riesgo de ISQ. La medición de los niveles de proteína C reactiva ultrasensible para evaluar la respuesta inflamatoria después de la ISQ presentó resultados superiores a los valores de referencia para cada muestra, variando de >5 a >200 mg/dl por el método inmunoturbidimétrico. De los niveles de IL-2, INFγ y TNF (Th1) e IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 (Th2), solo la interleucina 6 mostró niveles elevados, entre 6,68 y 58,76 pg/mL. Conclusión: el estudio encontró que el equipo quirúrgico con cinco o más miembros y la transfusión el estudio encontró que un equipo quirúrgico con cinco o más miembros y transfusión de sangre fueron factores asociados con el desarrollo de ISQ en cirugía ortopédica en pacientes con cáncer musculoesquelético. Entre los marcadores inflamatorios, la interleucina 6 (IL-6) mostró la mayor correlación con el resultado.(AU)

Epidemiology of Orthopaedic Fractures and Other Traumatic Injuries among Patients Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital: An Observational Study

Background: Orthopaedic fractures and traumatic injuries are a growing concern for healthcare systems worldwide. Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) are among the top five causes of illness and mortality in South East Asian nations. Trauma caused by other factors, such as accidents at work or home, falls, and assaults, significantly contribute to overall mortality and morbidity. This study aims to investigate the occurrence of traumatic injuries with associated factors and find significant orthopaedic fracture patterns. Material & Methods: This study was a retrospective observational study that was conducted on 208 patients who were admitted to the department of orthopaedics at Dhaka Medical College and Hospital during the study period between April 2004 and June 2007 those who fulfilled the selection criteria were enrolled in this study. All data were processed and analyzed with the help of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 25. The data were expressed as frequency and percentage in tables and graphs. Results: During the study period total number of study patients were 208 where 131 (62.98%) patients were male, and 77(37.02%) were female. The majority, 53 (25.48%) of the patients, were aged between 31-40 years. RTAs were responsible for 92 cases (44.23%) of all traumatic orthopaedic injuries and followed by falls accounting for 42 patients (20.19%) of injuries. Majority 46(22.12%) of the patients had fractures in femur, second majority 38(18.27%) patients had fracture in tibia/fibula. The most common fracture site being the lower limbs (58 cases, 27.88 %). Conclusion: The study concluded that the incidence of traumatic orthopaedic injuries was higher in young male adults compared to all other study groups. The three most frequent causes of injuries were falls, RTAs, and assaults were the most prevalent form of injury. The most frequently damaged bones are the femur and tibia/fibula.

Profile of neurological disorders in a tertiary center of education in orthopedics / Perfil de diagnósticos neurológicos em um centro terciário de ensino em ortopedia

Abstract Background Neurological conditions can cause secondary orthopedic disorders and can result from orthopedic surgical procedures. In addition, misdiagnosis and overtreatment involve both specialties. Epidemiological studies of neurological patients in tertiary units are often performed in emergency departments of general hospitals or rehabilitation centers. Objective Describe the clinical and epidemiologic profile of neurological disorders in a Brazilian federal tertiary center and education hospital in orthopedics in Rio de Janeiro. Methods We performed a retrospective study of the medical records of patients attended by neurology specialists of the internal medicine's department of the National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics from February 2014 to March 2020. Results We reviewed neurological referrals in the medical records of 1,349 patients in the period. The mean age of patients was 49.67 years (standard deviation [SD] ± 18.99). There was a predominance of females, corresponding to 751 (55.7%) patients. Regarding ethnicity, 684 (50.7%) participants were white, 550 (40.8%) non-white, and 115 (8.5%) non-classified. Peripheral neuropathies (34.1%), osteoarticular diseases (10%), epilepsy (8.3%), developmental disorders (7.9%), and neuromuscular diseases (7.3%) were the 5 groups with the largest numbers of cases. Conclusion The sample consisted mostly of females and white individuals, and approximately one third of the cases were of peripheral neuropathies. Epidemiological studies in neurology from tertiary centers of another medical specialty can improve the professional development of both specialties. This interdisciplinary approach can also optimize resources, help avoid misdiagnosis, and reduce disability.

Resumo Antecedentes Condições neurológicas tanto podem causar distúrbios ortopédicos secundários como podem ser consequências de procedimentos cirúrgicos ortopédicos. Além disso, erros de diagnóstico e sobre tratamento também envolvem ambas as especialidades. Estudos epidemiológicos de atendimento neurológico em unidades terciárias de saúde são geralmente realizados em serviços de emergência ou em centros de reabilitação. Objetivo Descrever o perfil clínico e epidemiológico de diagnósticos em neurologia em um centro terciário de saúde no Brasil e hospital de educação em ortopedia no Rio de Janeiro. Métodos Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários dos pacientes atendidos pela neurologia do setor de clínica médica do Instituto Nacional de Traumatologia e Ortopedia no período de fevereiro de 2014 a março de 2020. Resultados Revisamos os prontuários de 1.349 pacientes atendidos pela neurologia no período. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 49,67 anos (desvio padrão [DP] ± 18,99). Houve predomínio do sexo feminino correspondendo a 751 (55,7%) dos atendimentos. Quanto à etnia, a amostra foi composta de 684 (50,7%) de brancos, 550 (40,8%) de não brancos e 115 (8,5%) de não classificados. Neuropatias periféricas (34,1%), doenças osteoarticulares (10%), epilepsias (8,3%), transtornos do desenvolvimento (7,9%) e doenças neuromusculares (7,3%) corresponderam aos 5 grupos com os maiores números de casos. Conclusão A amostra se constituiu predominante de indivíduos do sexo feminino, brancos, e cerca de um terço dos casos corresponderam às neuropatias periféricas. Estudos de perfil de atendimento neurológico em hospitais terciários de outra especialidade médica podem aperfeiçoar a capacitação de ambos os profissionais. Esta abordagem interdisciplinar também pode otimizar recursos, contribuir para evitar erros diagnósticos e reduzir incapacidades.

Research progress in application of artificial intelligence to intraoperative navigation assisted by an orthopedic robot / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Orthopedic robots, as intelligent medical devices, have achieved good outcomes in clinical application in some orthopedic surgeries. Artificial intelligence (AI) has played an important role in the development of orthopedic robots due to its powerful capabilities of information processing and decision-making. The developing trends of orthopedic robotics are automation and intelligentization. Since AI has demonstrated great advantages in preoperative planning, an increasing number of researchers have been devoted to AI application in intraoperative navigation by an orthopedic robot. This paper outlines the exploratory efforts in applying AI technology to the intraoperative navigation assisted by an orthopedic robot, describes the advantages of AI in improving accuracy and reducing radiation, and forecasts research prospects in application of AI technology to orthopedic robots based on the current situation.

The spirit of the Party′s "20th Congress" illuminates the development direction of orthopedics in China / 中华创伤杂志

The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in 2022 draws a blueprint for China′s future development, which is of epoch-making historical and political significance. The spirit of the congress has provided a clear direction and guidance for the high-quality development of orthopedics in China. The orthopedics in China gains significant progress, but there still remain many problems, for which the solution needs a guiding light. The "six persistences" proposed in the report of the congress for the development of orthopedics in China lights the voyage forward. Guided by the spirit of the congress, let us orthopedic surgeons set sail, cut the waves, and strive to write a new chapter in the development of orthopedics in China!

Application of TRIZ theory in clinical teaching in orthopedic operating room / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the role of TRIZ theory in clinical teaching in orthopedic operating room.Methods:A total of 43 interns in the orthopedic operating room of our hospital from October 2019 to July 2020 were selected as control group, and 46 interns in the orthopedic operating room of our hospital from August 2020 to May 2021 were selected as observation group. The interns in the control group received traditional teaching, and those in the observation group received teaching based on TRIZ theory. The two groups were compared in terms of professional assessment results, self-evaluation, satisfaction score, and qualification of aseptic operation in orthopedic operating room. SPSS 22.0 was used to perform the t-test and the chi-square test. Results:Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly higher theoretical knowledge score, practical skill score, and weighted total score ( t=14.90, 11.82, and 13.23, all P?0.001). Compared with the control group, the observation group also had significantly higher scores of analysis and problem-solving ability, clinical thinking, doctor-patient communication, psychological quality, clinical case analysis, self-study ability, and teaching satisfaction ( t=7.88, 11.78, 15.26, 7.94, 12.93, 9.83, and 13.22, all P?0.001). Compared with the control group, the observation group had significantly higher qualified rates of surgical hand-washing, wearing sterile surgical gowns, non-contact glove wearing; and bacteriological testing ( χ 2=4.22, 6.02, 4.92, and 7.59, P=0.040, 0.014, 0.027, and 0.006). Conclusion:TRIZ theory has a certain value in clinical teaching in orthopedic operating room and can significantly improve the scores of theoretical knowledge and practical skills, strengthen aseptic operation abilities in orthopedic operating room, and enhance the satisfaction with teaching among interns.

Application of 3D digital modeling combined with 3D printed model in classroom theoretical teaching of orthopedics / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To investigate the application effect of 3D digital modeling combined with 3D printed model in assisting the classroom theoretical teaching of orthopedics in five-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine.Methods:In May 2022, 33 five-year undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine in the class of 2018 in Southwest Medical University were selected and divided into experimental group with 17 students and control group with 16 students according to the odd or even student number. The students in the experimental group were taught by traditional PPT+3D digital modeling combined with 3D printed model, and those in the control group were taught by the traditional PPT teaching method. The teaching effect was evaluated by theoretical examination and a questionnaire survey on the degree of satisfaction with teaching. SPSS 25.0 was used to perform the t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the rank sum test, and the chi-square test. Results:The experimental group had a significantly higher score of theoretical examination than the control group (86.24±4.16 vs. 82.50±6.06). The questionnaire survey on the degree of satisfaction with teaching showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had a significantly higher degree of satisfaction with the understanding and learning of orthopedic diseases [3 (2, 3) vs. 2 (2, 2), P < 0.05], the improvement in learning interest [2 (2, 3) vs. 2 (1, 2), P < 0.05], classroom innovation [3 (3, 3) vs. 2 (1.5, 2), P < 0.05], and overall classroom teaching [3 (2, 3) vs. 2 (2, 2), P < 0.05]. Conclusion:In assisting the classroom theoretical teaching of orthopedics in undergraduate students majoring in clinical medicine, 3D digital modeling combined with 3D printed model can provide concrete 3D models, reduce the difficulties in learning, improve the awareness of orthopedic diseases, strengthen learning interest, and increase the degree of satisfaction with teaching and academic scores.